Physicochemical Analysis of Green Synthesis Gold Nanoparticles of Edible Plant Extracts
Shalini Chinnasamy1, Kowsaliya E2, Suresh Malakondaiah3, Ramesh Babu P. B3,
Mukesh Kumar Dharmalingam Jothinathan4, Motcha Rakkini Visuvasam5
1Department of Genetic Engineering, Bharath Institute of Science and Technology. Chennai.
2Avigen Biotech Pvt. Ltd. Chennai. India.
3Center for Material Engineering and Regenerative Medicine,
Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai. India.
4Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital,
Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, India.
5LISSTAR, Loyola College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
*Corresponding Author E-mail: loyola123suresh@gmail.com
ABSTRACT:
Nowadays, significant advancements in nanoscience and nanotechnology make it possible to create designed nanoparticles with a variety of shapes, sizes, and morphologies. Owing to the extensive array of industrial, medical, and therapeutic uses of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), apprehensions over the environmental safety and potential health effects have arisen. In this work, floral extracts from popular foods such as walnut, tamarind, peanut, almond, and pista were used to create Au nanoparticles by the green approach. Standard physiochemical methods such as energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and UV-visible spectroscopy were used to describe them. We looked at the physiochemical characterisation of AuNP, and our results offered significant physicochemical characterization for enhancing the nutraceutical effects of these edible food ingredients.
KEYWORDS: Gold nanoparticles, Floral edible extracts,TEX, EDX, Eco-toxicology.
INTRODUCTION:
Gold's nonreactive nature makes it a valuable primary component in a wide range of medical applications, such as cancer treatment, dental prosthesis, endovascular stents, restoration procedures, novel drug delivery microchips, and food additives. In addition to being innocuous in bulk, gold may also exist in ionic or molecular forms (as gold salts), which makes it possible to create gold nanoparticles1.
Gold is a very important resource in nanomedical applications because it has several distinct properties in nanoscale form that set it apart from bulk or molecule form2-4. Among these characteristics include simple synthesis, a greater surface area to volume ratio, strong optical properties, elevated particle reactivity, and surface changeability.
AuNPs' distinct properties, chemical stability, and capacity to display a range of shapes, particle sizes, and surface chemistry make them essential nanoscale components in a number of technologies4-6. The molecules' stability, distinctive qualities, and ease of translocation into target cells—which enhances drug release and boosts therapeutic efficacy—are the basis for the applications7-9. But there's reason for concern: during synthesis and development, AuNPs with different sizes, shapes, and surface charges are produced for a variety of applications, and they might be harmful to human health 3,4. However, there is currently a lack of new evidence to apply because of the uncertainty around the short-and long-term clinical implications.As with any drug or other health technology, it is essential to comprehend the entire scope of AuNP biocompatibility and to ensure that the potential for danger is minimized10.
AuNPs, in fact, have unique electrical and optical characteristics that make them attractive for drug administration, cellular imaging diagnostics, and therapeutic agents11,12. Nanomedicine-based target-specific drug delivery has recently piqued researchers' curiosity13-15. Because of the unique physicochemical characteristics of AuNPs, they have the ability to interact with intracellular structures, biological fluids, and biomolecules, which can be harmful to cells and tissues. In this paper, we characterized the well constrained gold NPs of edible by UV spectrometry, TEX and EDX from the extraction of shells of walnut (Juglans regia), almonds (Prunus amygdalus), pistah (Pistacia vera), groundnut(Arachis hypogaea) and tamarind (Tamarindus indica).
Methodology:
The AuNps were prepared from the shells of pista, almond, walnut, tamarind locally available in Chennai. India. The pictures of the samples and its extraction AuNP preparation are shown in figure 1. The shells of the samples were dried first and powdered samples were mixed with 50 ml of distilled water. The solutions were then boiled for 15 mins at 60o C and leave it at room temperature for sometimes. Each sample solution was collected in separate conical flask. The AuNP synthesis from AuCl involved extraction processes, gold chloride was added to each sample and then, the mixture of gold chloride and sample extraction was kept for overnight dark incubation(16-18).
Figure 1: Preparation chart for plant reduced AuNP extracts from Pista,Badam shell, Walnut shell, Groundnut shell and tamarind shell.
Optimization studies:
An optimization study with different pH values was conducted on the collected material. First, 1ml of the extracted material and 4ml of distilled water were combined in a 1:4 ratio. Incorporating 10µl of AuCl into the mixture also enabled the environmentally friendly production of gold nanoparticles. After that, the solution was left to incubate for a full day in the dark. Different buffers with pH values of 3, 5, 7, and 9 were used to change the pH while measuring the readings under various pH ranges.
Five distinct AuNP formulations were put into the petriplate, and they were let to dry for roughly two hours. Five extracts' worth of gold nanoparticles were examined using UV-Vis spectrophotometry at various wavelengths. Using the techniques described by Farhadi et al. (2010), the sample was placed on a carbon-coated grid and placed inside the chamber for the EDX and TEM analyses. After five minutes, the purge timer was triggered, the chamber was sealed, and it cooled. The labeled stubs' cover slip, label facing up, adhered to the adhesive tape. Thirty minutes were spent drying the samples. Turned on, the sputter coater was pictured. The EDX results and the TEM pictures were acquired (19–20).
RESULTS:
Initially, we confirmed that the AuNP in our extracts was stable at different pH levels (Fig 2). The ensuing UV spectrometric analysis comprises five extracts derived from shells, which were subsequently exposed to green synthesis in order to reduce the synthesis of AuNp. The graphical representation that follows gives a general idea of the absorbance peaks that fall between 350 and 700 nm in wavelength. Reduced absorbance values signify low concentrations of gold nanoparticles, and a rise in absorbance is predicted as nanoparticle size increases. The propensity of nanoparticle solutions to clump together over time, increasing in size and losing properties, is one of the main problems with them.Additional UV characterization investigations were carried out by comparing the sample's wavelength-dependent absorbance values of five distinct AuNp extracts at various wavelengths (Fig 3). Improved stability with tamarind and walnut AuNPs was shown by additional stability study of these extracts up to 37 days (Table 1 and 2).
Figure 2 : UV spectrometric graphical representation provides the optimization ranges under varied pH ranges(3,5,7 and 9) pertaining to walnut shells reduced AuNps. Wavelength ranges of 350- 700nm.
Figure 3: Graphical illustration of UV characterization across different plant derived AuNp extracts (SH-1:Pista; SH-2: Badam;
SH-3: Walnut; SH-4: Groundnut; SH-5: Tamarind)
Table 1: Stability check of five different AuNps preparations upto 11 days by UV spectroscopy absorbance.
|
Days |
SH-1Pista |
SH-2 Badam |
SH -3 Walnut |
SH -4 Groundnut |
SH -5 Tamarind |
|||||
|
W. L |
O.D |
W.L |
O.D |
W.L |
O.D. |
W.L |
O.D |
W.L |
O.D |
|
|
1 |
544.0 560.0 |
0.43 0.44 |
Nil |
Nil |
352.0 538.0 |
1.35 1.41 |
- |
- |
468.0 534.0 |
0.44 0.63 |
|
2 |
544.0 564.0 582.0 |
0.45 0.48 0.47 |
Nil
|
Nil |
536.0 |
1.42 |
- |
- |
532.0 |
0.59 |
|
5 |
- |
Nil |
Nil |
Nil |
532.0 540.0 |
1.33 1.33 |
- |
- |
530.0 |
0.57 |
|
5 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
534.0 |
1.37 |
- |
- |
532.0 |
0.65 |
|
6 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
536.0 |
1.37 |
- |
- |
532.0 |
0.62 |
|
8 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
354.0 538.0 |
1.36 1.39 |
- |
- |
532.0 |
0.62 |
|
11 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
538.0 |
1.31 |
- |
- |
482.0 528.0 |
0.66 0.75 |
Table 2. Stability check of AuNPs of walnut and tamarind on 20th, 28th and 37th day by UV spectroscopy absorbance.
|
Days |
Sh-3 (Walnut) |
Sh-5 (Tamarind) |
||
|
20th |
Wavelength |
Abs |
Wavelength |
Abs |
|
538.0 |
1.2 |
524.0 |
0.5 |
|
|
28th |
470.0 538.0 |
0.9 1.3 |
524.0 |
0.5 |
|
37th |
534.0 |
1.4 |
- |
- |
AuNP characterisation of AuNP walnut extracts via EDX and TEM analysis:
To obtain additional understanding of the characteristics of the silver nanoparticles, the sample was analyzed utilizing EDAX X TEM methods with walnut AuNP extracts. TEM investigations revealed that the reaction result was high purity Walnut SH AuNPs (Fig 4). The EDAX spectrum of every sample under investigation was identical, as Figure 5 illustrates the walnut SH AuNP. Scanning electron microscopy was used to investigate the silver nanoparticles' shape and size characteristics in more detail. The TEM imaging on AuNPs will be shown in the future using the suggested bio-reduction technology.
Figure 4: TEM of AuNPs of Walnut SH extracts
(A) at 100nm and (B)at 200 nm.
Figure 5: Energy-dispersive X ray spectroscopy (EDAX) image showing AuNP peaks of Walnut SH extracts.
DISCUSSION:
In summary, groundnut, almond, walnut, tamarind, and pista plant extracts were effectively green synthesized into stable Au nanoparticles, which were then analyzed. By using AuNP physiochemical analysis, the size and zeta potential of the generated nanoparticles were found to be 309 nm to 402 nm and 38 mV to 12 mV, respectively (data not shown). Our research suggests an environmentally friendly method of producing Au nanoparticles. The growth and generations of aquatic ecosystems can be significantly impacted by the release of AuNP into the environment. If AuNP is synthesized and used at the appropriate concentration, it might be a workable solution in this situation. Manufacturers of metal oxide nanoparticles will be searching for green production as a substitute in light of these findings.Furthermore, these findings will pave the way for more molecular study into the importance of green produced AuNP over commercially available AuNPs.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:
Authors thank the management Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India for their encouragement and support in carrying out above research work.
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Received on 29.04.2024 Revised on 26.08.2024 Accepted on 24.11.2024 Published on 10.04.2025 Available online from April 12, 2025 Research J. Pharmacy and Technology. 2025;18(4):1739-1742. DOI: 10.52711/0974-360X.2025.00249 © RJPT All right reserved
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